How would one characterize the trajectory of India’s industrial sector during the five – year plans up to 1990?
How would one characterize the trajectory of India’s industrial sector during the five – year plans up to 1990?
1990 तक पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं के दौरान भारत के औद्योगिक क्षेत्र की प्रगति को किस प्रकार वर्णित किया जा सकता है?
Detailed Solution & Logic
Showing significant growth in fundamental and heavy industries, but often falling short of targets and facing inefficiencies / मूलभूत और भारी उद्योगों में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि होना, लेकिन अक्सर लक्ष्यों से पीछे रहना और अक्षमताओं का सामना करना
Explanation / व्याख्या
During the Five-Year Plans before 1990, India followed a state-led industrialization strategy that emphasized the development of heavy and basic industries. Major sectors like steel, machinery, and infrastructure expanded, especially under the influence of the Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Model used in the Second Five-Year Plan. However, many industrial targets were not fully achieved due to inefficiencies, bureaucratic controls, and limited competition.
1990 से पहले पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं के दौरान भारत ने सरकार-नेतृत्व वाली औद्योगीकरण रणनीति अपनाई, जिसमें भारी और बुनियादी उद्योगों के विकास पर जोर दिया गया। विशेष रूप से दूसरी पंचवर्षीय योजना में महालनोबिस मॉडल के प्रभाव से इस्पात, मशीनरी और अवसंरचना जैसे क्षेत्रों में वृद्धि हुई। लेकिन नौकरशाही नियंत्रण, प्रतिस्पर्धा की कमी और अक्षमताओं के कारण कई औद्योगिक लक्ष्य पूरी तरह प्राप्त नहीं हो सके।
Extra Facts / अतिरिक्त तथ्य
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Early Five-Year Plans emphasized public sector dominance in industries like steel, mining, and heavy engineering.
प्रारंभिक पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं में इस्पात, खनन और भारी इंजीनियरिंग जैसे क्षेत्रों में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र का प्रभुत्व था। -
Large public sector enterprises such as Steel Authority of India Limited played a key role in industrial development.
औद्योगिक विकास में स्टील अथॉरिटी ऑफ इंडिया लिमिटेड (SAIL) जैसी सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की कंपनियों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही। -
Economic reforms and liberalization began later in 1991 Indian economic liberalization, which increased private sector participation.
बाद में 1991 के आर्थिक उदारीकरण के बाद निजी क्षेत्र की भागीदारी बढ़ी।
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